Strategic Management The case of Coca

Media, technology and global citizenship

The First Five Pages The First Five Pages The First Five Pages By Maeve Maddox What can an operator tell from the initial five pages of your original copy? As per Noah Lukeman, bounty. The First Five Pages: A Writers Guide to Staying Out of the Rejection Pile breaks down the sorts of mix-ups that show up in 99 percent of the spontaneous original copies got by specialists and editors. His experience as an abstract specialist who has perused a large number of original copies has driven Lukeman to this end: From Texas to Oklahoma to California to England to Turkey to Japan, essayists are doing precisely the same things wrong. The reason for his book is to tell essayists the best way to be their own first perusers. The First Five Pages accept that by investigating a couple of pages intently enoughparticularly the first fewyou can make an assurance for the entirety. It expect that on the off chance that you discover one line of superfluous exchange on page 1, you will probably discover one line of incidental discourse on each page to come. Indeed, even before he gets to a conversation of such things as exchange, portrayal, and perspective, Lukeman underscores the significance of Presentation. By Presentation he means such simply mechanical issues as paper, edges, and encasing a stepped tended to envelope. Regardless of how incredible the masterful value of an original copy, indiscreet bundling can keep it from paid attention to. Such mindlessness to detail, says Lukeman, may flag lack of regard, messiness, numbness or rebellion of the industrys principles; that the essayist doesnt care enough to do the base measure of research to make an original copy industry satisfactory. Frequently when a scholars introduction is indiscreet, his composing is as well. I particularly like what Lukeman needs to state about the significance of a broad jargon in making an unmistakable, explicit, particular style. He takes note of a lack of jargon in crafted by present day authors: It seems as though all of todays authors were working from a secondary school-level vocabularyand journalists who do utilize uncommon words more ofen than not abuse them He urges essayists to enhance their jargon by learning a words current significance, yet its inception and history as wellnot for minor education, yet so as to fix the word in the authors brain and make it his own. This additional legend is the thing that I call icy mass data, information that coasts beneath the outside of the composition, including substance without appear. Scarcely 200 pages long, Lukemans direct places the essayist in the psyche of the specialist, pressing a ton of knowledge into a little space. The sections are brief, however to the point, and every one is trailed by composing works out. For the writer who has a novel prepared to showcase, The First Five Pages is an important instrument for the last correction. You can discover the book on Amazon.com. Need to improve your English in a short time a day? Get a membership and begin accepting our composing tips and activities every day! Continue learning! Peruse the Book Reviews classification, check our famous posts, or pick a related post below:50 Redundant Phrases to AvoidGratitude or Gratefulness?When to Spell Out Numbers

Comparing Sweden Immigration Policy with German Immigration Policy

Presentation Among the numerous approaches set up by different countries, migration arrangements are a portion of the states’ laws that have numerous predispositions joined to them. Aristide characterizes migration arrangement as â€Å"any strategy of an express that manages the travel of people over its outskirts into the nation particularly those that mean to work and stay in the country† (2006, p.23).Advertising We will compose a custom article test on Comparing Sweden Immigration Policy with German Immigration Policy explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More A nation may decide to disallow the travel of individuals over its fringes or rather grant free development of individuals. Be that as it may, as monastery referenced, even in circumstances of free movement, the state must build up some rule of recognizing individuals who fit from the individuals who don't. One of such biasness may involve the issuance of a mandate to allow the affirmation of reside nts having a place with a given multi or respective type of an association, for example, ward among others. All the more regularly, researchers have censured migration arrangements dependent on what describes them: strict or even racial preferences. As Herrera and Moualhi place, â€Å"In liberal-law based countries, the topic of ‘who makes movement policy’ brings out the subject of the degree at which those strategies reflect the inclinations of a lion's share of residents, or rather those of little intrigue groups† (2004, p.1). The most favored answer being to encourage multiculturalism mentality in the plan and execution of the movement approaches inside a nation. In view of this, the paper examines the Sweden and Germany migration approaches. The emphasis lies on revealing the fast approaching racial imbalances that portray these two nations combined with directing an assessment of how ongoing social arrangement added to keeping up or decreasing the disparitie s. Migration strategies in Germany and Sweden Over the years, movement has comprised a worldwide wonder worth managing by ordering different state arrangements. While not discrediting perpetual settlers, the immigrants’ populace establishes both transiently, boondocks and occasional specialists. Masked as one of these legitimately satisfactory outsiders, the settler populace likewise involves unlawful foreigners and refuge searchers who could possibly be lawfully perceived. As Luciani Posits, â€Å"In Europe, new streams into the conventional nations of resettlement, for example, Italy, Spain and Portugal have enhanced the since quite a while ago settled movement designs from ex states to the UK and France, and of Turks to Germany† (1993, p.59). Throughout the decades, both eastern and focal Europe have encountered vigorous political changes that have thus come about to the formation of radiant migration pressures among the residents. Regardless of whether Sweden or Ge rmany, the greater part of the settlers originate from creating countries. The creating countries confronted the difficulties of the high populace development rates, which exceed the rate at which their legislatures can make work openings. Thusly, migration acts like a wellbeing valve, which has huge points of interest as far as arrangement of employment.Advertising Looking for article on sociologies? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In this end migration is fairly compelling in that â€Å"Remittances can be a noteworthy wellspring of outside trade, while returning transients may carry capital and aptitudes to cultivate monetary growth† (Luciani 1993, p.57). In this specific situation, migration remains as a basic system for guaranteeing free development of capital and abilities over the globe: something that is essential for expansion of worldwide government assistance. Be that as it may, the boost of worldwide governme nt assistance through empowering movement faces basic test since as Esping-Anderson contends, â€Å"†labor can't retain itself for long without response to elective methods for subsistence† (1990, 37). Lamentably, financial powers are not by any means the only determinants of migration approaches: legislative issues assumes critical jobs in setting of movement arrangements. â€Å"The getting countries’ movement approaches decide the size of migration flows†¦it is their national monetary assessment of the expenses and advantages that is key to understanding this phenomenon† (Luciani 1993, p.70). West Germany had made staggering undertakings to make a turn of the outsider work approaches through the â€Å"guest workers† framework. This framework had encountered a wonderful disappointment since, as Krauss and Baumol (1979) figure, it didn't â€Å"prevent the development of a lasting settler network which surpassed 10% of the workforce one fourth was Turkish† (p.37). The year 1967 through 1968 saw Germany experience a downturn. At the point when Germany experienced an oil costs stun in 1973 through 1974, a purpose behind modification of its strategies including migration arrangements was essential. One of such a rush of changes involved augmentation of licenses for the essential migration combined with conduction of outside work enlistments by November 1973. At around a similar time, â€Å"the number of licenses for family members of existing vagrants was expanded adequately perceiving the disappointment of the rotational system† (Luciani 1993, p.67). Downturns comprised one of the reasons behind the execution of progressively unbending movement controls in Germany at that point. Nonetheless, as Hansen places, â€Å"the accessible proof of joblessness rates among incompetent specialists (approx. 0.1%) proposes other political contemplations were of more prominent significance than the condition of the work mark et† (1993, p.90). In this unique circumstance, the powers of interest and gracefully never impacted the inflow of workers. This is maybe moves from accept that â€Å"Within the market, the liberal authoritative opinion of opportunity seems advocated: the specialist can openly pick between elective utilities, occupations, businesses, and relaxation exchange offs† (Esping-Anderson 1990, pp.36-37). There were employments openings that developed with the beginning of high industrialization.Advertising We will compose a custom article test on Comparing Sweden Immigration Policy with German Immigration Policy explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Immigrants were required to fill these openings for work and not those held by the locals. Equivalent to Germany, in 1970s, Sweden additionally confronted the problem of whether to allow free migration or not. In 1972, Sweden had sent systems that guaranteed the decrease of the resettlement grants. It likewise procla imed remote work migration enrollments. Apparently, the need to save work open doors for the local populace might not have sufficiently clarified the underlying mid 1970s movement controls, trailed by upkeep of the equivalent. The clear addition of the joblessness at around a similar time in West Germany is an adequate defense of the case. Thus, an elective clarification of the adjustment of the strategies may lie on the worries limited to social repercussion of the migrant network. Also, the worker populace applied colossal weight on the restricted social comforts, for example, wellbeing, social, training and the security administrations. As Hansen (1993) sets, â€Å"Pressure from worker's guilds expected that settlers would discourage compensation, thus, uprooting their individuals in employment† (78). These two last concerns depend on the financial worries for allowing free migration. On a bigger degree, the mid 1970s methodologies to diminish movement were fairly fruitful . Shockingly, a significant downside was apparent in keeping up the number of inhabitants in the migrant networks inside certain recommended levels. The characteristic propagation rates for the migrant networks were a lot bigger comparable to the local German people group. In this end, Molle and Mourik (1988) note that â€Å"while the European richness rate is roughly 1.6 youngsters per lady beneath the substitution proportion of 2.1, that of Tunisian ladies occupant in France was 6.19 and by 199210% of all births were to guardians of outside starting point in Germany, Belgium, France and the UK† (p.79). This situation was a lot of like what was befalling Sweden. It was then vital for the outsider networks to alter their introduction to the world rate to coordinate that of European countries. Sweden is the biggest nation that shapes the Nordic nations as far as populace. Westin (2006) noticed that â€Å"with a populace of 9,000,000 it is one of the littler individuals from t he European Union, which it participated in 1995† (Para 1). The quick expansion of the open part in the 1950-60 was broadly required by the by the outsider work enlistments which give an additional favorable position in that it gave additional assessment base. In this degree, it is maybe plentiful to represent an inquiry concerning whether the outsiders are equivalent residents to the local residents. With the need to encourage multiculturalism and avoiding from prejudice, numerous countries would contend that their movement arrangements are liberated from these negatives.Advertising Searching for paper on sociologies? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More Nonetheless, as confirm by Sweden, â€Å"a number of social pointers show that individuals of transient birthplace have impressively higher paces of joblessness than local Swedes and that they are all the more vigorously subject to social government assistance benefits† (Westin 2006, para.2). This gives a sign of state acknowledged disparities between outsider networks and the Swedes, however enhanced by verifiable social arrangements. The time 1949 to 1971 denoted a basic period in the development of Sweden migration arrangements. During this period, there were arrangements

DOCUMENTARY CINEMA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Narrative CINEMA - Essay Example This article will dig into different parts of the film Dark Days by method of relating them to the more extensive social, social and political settings. Initially, vagrancy in the United States can be followed back far. The direct and circumstancial proof for this is accessible in artistic and performing specialties of the last one and half hundreds of years. Noticeable among the craftsmen who managed this subject are Walt Whitman, Jack London, Charlie Chaplin, Woody Guthrie, John Dos Passos, Bill Mauldin, Jack Kerouac and John Steinbeck. In the mid twentieth century slang, vagrants were calmly alluded to as hoboes, which is a term of denigration. These supposed hoboes had gained notoriety for being boorish, wild, sluggish and corrupt. The principal point by point portrayal of these individuals living on the edges of society began showing up after the finish of the Civil War. We further discover that â€Å"following the Civil War, an army of men ventured to every part of the nation with no noticeable methods of support. Some earned the sobriquet vagabond, which they held onto it as a nickname for a transient worker, that is, a scraper kid. Whatever the source, sociologists of the 1920s utilized the phrase hobohemia to depict an inferior lifestyle grasped by white common laborers guys. When congregating in spots such as Chicagos primary stem, they produced a strutting counterculture that opposed domesticity. They embraced the work radicalism of the Wobblies, even while they were spoofed by vaudeville and film comics.† (Lookingbill, 2005, p.314) During these early days, vagrancy in the United States was to a great extent an issue of social class and was brought about by the immense incongruities in riches appropriation between the main 10% of the populace and the rest. Be that as it may, in the only remaining century, the issue has developed to envelop elements of racial separation, medicate misuse and homosexuality. Of the a large portion of a

How to Structure Your Due Diligence during MA

How to Structure Your Due Diligence during MA The topic on MA â€" mergers and acquisition â€" sounds like a daunting one, especially for those who are encountering it for the first time. When they start to delve further into it and are met with other seemingly highly technical terms, they are even more intimidated. Certainly, MA is quite a complex process, and not something that everyone can understand easily.In this article, we hope to shed some light on one of the aspects of MA that many find confounding: Due Diligence. © Shutterstock.com | TashatuvangoYou will learn 1) what is due diligence and 2) how to structure a due diligence.DUE DILIGENCE IN MAOne of the first questions asked is, “what is due diligence?”Broadly speaking, due diligence is defined as the “assessment of the legal, financial and business risks that are often associated with a merger or an acquisition”. It is a thorough and painstaking look into a business, in order to get to know it inside out, and use the results of examination or assessment to make the final decision on whether to acquire the company or not.Role and Importance of Due DiligenceThat is the main reason why due diligence is deemed very important. It serves as a confirmation for buyers of the financials, contracts, and other pertinent information of selling companies. In other words, due diligence is especially vital for the acquiring companies, since it addresses the issue on whether acquiring the target company makes sense or they should look for another t arget altogether. For all intents and purposes, due diligence can be described as a ‘fact-finding’ activity that will enable acquirers to spot the targets that will give them their desired results and weed out those that have no potential at all.This should not be an entirely new concept at all. If we liken it to a simple transaction of purchasing an appliance, or even a house, the potential buyer will often insist on inspecting the goods or the property first before making a decision. Testing would often be involved, as well as looking into the specifications of the appliance. In the case of the house, the potential buyer will be inclined to insist on having home inspections done on the property first. It’s basically the same with MA transactions.What aspects of the target company are looked into in due diligence? Many definitions cover it in broad strokes, speaking about the process providing insights on the regulatory exposures of a company, as well as its potential financi al and legal exposures. But if we are going to look into it more deeply, due diligence can also provide a whole slew of valuable information including, but not limited to, the following:The structure of the company being targeted for acquisition;The flow of operations within the target company;The culture governing the organization of the target company;The current human resources in use by the target company;The relationships of the target company with its suppliers, customers and other partners;The competitive position of the target company; andThe goals and future outlook of the target company, be it short-term or long-term.Due diligence is required for the parties to seek validation on the proposed valuation of the MA deal. There are bound to be instances where, after due diligence has been conducted, the parties would agree or compromise on revised valuation, depending on the results of their fact-finding mission.Another reason why due diligence is important is that it will ser ve as an aid to management when it is time for the integration process to begin. Armed with the information and knowledge obtained through due diligence, the integration and transition can be facilitated and performed smoothly and seamlessly.It is also one way of preparing the combined business for its future operations. During due diligence, they will be informed of potential problems, issues or risks that they may face after the business combination. Having knowledge of these problems early on will aid them in coming up with preemptive actions and solutions.Ultimately, due diligence is conducted in order to minimize risks and maximize shareholder value in an MA transaction.Frequently Asked Questions on Due DiligenceHere are some of the frequently asked questions regarding due diligence.How long does it take to complete the due diligence process? It is to be noted that due diligence takes a lot of time, primarily because gathering and compiling all the relevant and pertinent inform ation is time-consuming. It could go from several days to even several months, depending on the speed with which the parties concerned work in compiling the information.Who performs due diligence?There are some who say that due diligence must be performed by the acquiring company; after all, they are the ones mulling over the probability of acquiring or purchasing a company. Others argue that it is the responsibility of the company being acquired, since they are the ones that are going to be marketed and sold.If we look at several definitions of due diligence, it would clearly appear that due diligence is a process that each of the parties undertake. This means that both the acquiring company and the target company are involved in the process.When does the due diligence process end?It ends when the transaction or the deal has been closed or abandoned. Throughout the period, you can expect the parties to be frequently and almost constantly requesting information gleaned from the revi ew.STRUCTURING DUE DILIGENCENow it is time to take a look at the main steps in due diligence. Many MA experts and authorities list down several steps, but we can simplify them into three major stages: Preparation, Execution, and Closure.Stage 1: PREPARATIONIn every process, preparation is very important. This is where you plan all the activities that will come later on. You will be laying the groundwork for the entire fact-gathering process.Due diligence officially starts when the two parties â€" the acquiring company and the target company â€" have reached an initial understanding regarding an MA deal. In many cases, it is when the two parties have signed a letter of intent, or LOI, regarding a possible merger or acquisition.Once this is done, you can get started.1. Set boundariesThere is a need for the parties to have an agreement, in black and white, on the confidentiality of the information to be gathered and compiled during due diligence. Often, the parties draw up non-disclosu re agreements, where they set the ground rules about the use and disclosure of any and all information, the scope and limitation of the review that will be conducted, and the extent of freedom of the employees or personnel of the parties when it comes to the exchange of sensitive information and other matters related to the deal.In the same vein, having a communication plan in place is also important. This plan should detail the external and internal communication layout, and indicate what should be said and who should say it. This is one way to clearly define the accountabilities of everyone involved.In the conduct of due diligence, confidential information and documents will be gathered. There is a need for a secure place to keep all these documents. Having a physical location is a good idea, but more and more companies are seeing the benefits of establishing online data rooms. They are more efficient and far cheaper than maintaining a physical data room â€" you have to spend mone y on utilities and maintenance, as well as the wages of people that will maintain and keep it secure â€" and they are also more readily accessible. The authorized people can log in any time they want, instead of waiting for specific hours when they can personally visit a physical data room to get the information they want.2. Form your due diligence teamDue diligence cannot be conducted by a single person. It is best performed by a team that is put together for the specific task of performing due diligence. When putting together your diligence team, make sure that:the team is composed of financial, business and legal professionals that are skilled and experienced in matters related to MA;the team members speak the same language, meaning that they should be able to communicate and interact with each other easily, even if they are experts in varying but complementary fields;the team should include the integration manager, or the person that will be tasked to manage the business immedia tely after merger or acquisition;Take note that there is no strict number on how many members should be in the team. Some companies prefer to keep the team small, since having a large team often ends up with them being uncoordinated.3. Outsource due diligence to professionalsThere is no rule against bringing in outside help. In fact, many recommend hiring outside experts, since they have the advantage of being objective and independent of the whole MA process. This is also highly advised if there is no one in your current lineup of personnel who have the skills, qualifications, expertise, or experience in MA, or in performing due diligence. Often, companies look towards banks, consultants, accounting firms and law firms for help.4. Prepare your due diligence teamYou have to get your due diligence up to speed, apprising them of the MA transaction in question, such as its features, structure and economics. This will allow them to plan their activities and structure the entire due dili gence process depending on what they thought must be prioritized first. If the MA is under strict time and resources constraints, it would be a good idea to let them know about it up front, so they can adjust accordingly.In this step, some companies prepare due diligence checklists, which are created depending on the risks that are associated with the target company.5. Prepare all the necessary requests for data and informationFinding the information is relatively easy enough; getting them for your use often poses the bigger challenge. You do not want your due diligence team to be wasting time and resources because they cannot get the information that they need. Therefore, you have to make sure that all data requests are prepared.At this point, the team should already know the potential sources of information, so they can prepare the data requests accordingly. For sure, they will not be limited to the company’s management and various departments, but also suppliers, distributors, and other regulatory firms or agencies that the target company is exposed to.Stage 2: EXECUTIONWhen all the preliminaries are in place, it is time to perform the due diligence tasks. This is where due diligence takes on the form of an audit, where the due diligence team collects the facts and thoroughly goes through every one of them in order to fully understand the ins and outs of the company.The Execution stage will have the due diligence team collecting the information, analyzing and evaluating them, and eventually sharing the results of their analysis or evaluation, as appropriate.Take note that all three must be conducted. The team cannot conduct a thorough and credible analysis if it does not have all the information required. Similarly, analysis and evaluation would be deemed useless if the results are not shared to anyone, especially the parties that require them for the decision-making process.Collection or gathering of documents is facilitated by the data requests prepared during Stage 1. These documents are then organized and distributed to the members of the due diligence team for review. The documents are kept in a data room, readily accessible by members of the team.During this stage, some of the areas or information looked into include the following:The target company’s organizational structureWho are the key employees, particularly the members of the management team?How is the performance of the management team?Which members of the organization are considered to create and contribute value the most?Which members of the organization should be retained, and which should be “laid off” after the integration?Presentation of the financial statements of the target companyDo they accurately reflect the financial condition â€" financial position, liquidity, solvency and profitability â€" of the company?Will the integration have potential impact on the company’s financial condition and, if so, what is the effect?Are the financial statements indic ative of an increase in the company’s profitability?The target company’s market and competitive outlookIs the outlook for the company’s competitive positioning positive?Does the company have the ability to keep its customer base and even increase or expand its reach?Risk exposure of the target companyAre there any significant regulatory or governance risks that the target company is currently facing, or will face in the future?Will the target company be likely facing risks of having liabilities after the integration?What is the likelihood that there will be unexpected risks, and will the company be able to handle these risks?The target company’s long-term sustainabilityWhat are the environmental factors that can affect the company’s operations (i.e. production process, supply and distribution chain, sourcing of raw materials)?What is the status of raw materials and direct labor availability, and what are their impacts on future operations?The culture that governs the targe t companyWhat corporate culture is currently at work in the target company? What national culture, in case of international MA? Are the cultures of the companies compatible?Are there potential culture clashes â€" both corporate and national â€" that can take place during integration? If so, what are they?Will any culture clash be easily overcome once integration happens?In the case of international MA, what cross-border transactions or challenges are likely to arise? Examples are legal and tax issues, differences in accounting bases, employment and labor laws, and environmental and topographical challenges.Take note that the review by the due diligence team may take a while, depending on several factors, such as the availability of the documents, the complexity of the underlying transactions, and the cooperation of all parties involved, to name a few.Stage 3: CLOSUREFinally, the review is over and the due diligence team were able to come up with their findings. Now it is time to dis close the results of the review to the management, who will then make the final decision.There are several possibilities or findings by the due diligence team.A “clean bill of health”. This means that they found nothing that would materially make the management NOT go through with the MA. It’s a go, and the team can immediately proceed to integration planning.There were several irregularities or risks. This could also mean that the review turned up several misrepresentations made by the management of the target company. In this case, the management can take any of the several actions:Continue with the integration as planned;Lower their bid for the target company, using the findings as a basis for revaluation;Request modifications of the findings and require warranties from the target company; orTweak the contract or purchase agreement to address potential damages that may incur in the future as a result of the misrepresentations.The results of the due diligence review are deta iled in a “due diligence memo”, which is created in order to organize, manage, and keep track of all the documents that have been reviewed by the members of the team. This is also where the findings or issues identified are indicated. Many MA transactions repeatedly refer to the contents of the due diligence memo when making important decisions.It is safe to say that a due diligence process for MA is successful if it reveals an all-encompassing, complete and accurate view of the company, by providing information that either confirms or contradicts the proposed valuation of the target company. If the results of due diligence is unable to give management a clear path towards making a decisive choice on whether to acquire a business or look for a better deal, then it is unsuccessful.

Scarcity And Billionaires Australian Beef Market - 1650 Words

Scarcity And Billionaires: Australian Beef Market (Essay Sample) Content: EconomicsStudents NameUniversity/CollegeQuestion 1: Scarcity and billionairesScarcity is an occurrence where the resources are not sufficient for very individual in need. Moreover, the available resources are unable to satisfy the individual to a level that they require. It is a fundamental concept in economics and details an issue that is very common when it comes to resources. The concept of scarcity follows several assumptions. The first assumption is that the needs of an individual are often unlimited CITATION Kom03 \l 1033 (Komlos Kriwy, 2003). A person is never satisfied what they have. An individual will continuously want more even if all their current demands have been met. Moreover, resources are always limited, and this will continuously create a condition of scarcity. The resources in question are factors of production such as labor, land, entrepreneurship, and capital. Entrepreneurship is defined as the ability to plan, organize, and take risks CITATION Lyl13 \l 1033 (Mehta, 2013). It also involves coordinating all other factors of production to achieve profits. The other factors or production include capital, land, and labor. Labor is human effort or skill. Land is the natural resource and all the products of the earth while capital is any technology or machine that can produce things. In all scenarios, there are is a limited amount of the factors of production.Everyone, including billionaires, faces the problem of scarcity. Essentially, we cannot have all the services and goods that we need. Every person has different needs and wants, and scarcity affects everyone differently. For instance, a rich person can face the shortage of storage space for a growing business. Due to the increase in demand, the billionaire can choose to purchase more products, and can face space scarcity to lack of infinite space for storing such product CITATION Lyl13 \l 1033 (Mehta, 2013). Specifically, the billionaire will have to expand their storage space to ensure that the have sufficient storage space. Essentially, they are facing a scarcity. The second scenario can arise when the few billionaires are competing to purchase antique cars or painting. These are often expensive and limited in quality. There will be a competition among them to buy the product, but only one of the will be able to buy the antique product such as a vehicle that was made in the 1950 but still in good condition and is part of a limited edition. Finally, the rich can also face a scarcity of income CITATION Dez11 \l 1033 (Dezhbakhsh Rubin, 2011). Income is a finite resource, and the person cannot have a united supply. The rich person will have to choose a desire over another. All individuals have 24 hours in a day and are limited to some resources they can gain within this time. When the person becomes wealthy, they learn of new sets of demands that need to be satisfied. There is a lack of evidence to show that the wealthy cannot find a valuable use of additional income, no matter how wealthy they become.Fundamental conceptsSeveral basic concepts in economics define the economic way of thinking. The first is an opportunity cost. This concept arises in the context f scarcity. The reality of the existence of scarcity means that businesses, governments, and individuals have to make choices. In this regard, they select some opportunities while ignoring others CITATION Rob12 \l 1033 (Rycroft, 2012). Specifically, a person has to make a choice between variety f alternatives, and choices the one that is the most beneficial or advantageous. For instance, buying a house means that the person will have to forgo a vacation. In this regard, the opportunity cost of what a person chooses is the value arising from the best alternative that has been sacrificed.The second fundamental concept is individualism. In economics, there is always an emphasis on the actions of an individual. In many economic theories, there is often a model to detail the behavior of a typical person. All groups, in this case, unions, firms or the society in general, are close analyzed as a collection of individuals. Moreover, these individuals act in a particular way, and will affect the outcome CITATION Placeholder1 \l 1033 (Yousefia, 2011). It is viewed as an ideal. For instance, a choice an individual makes will affect the operations of a company, as is the case with a CEO of a corporation. Their decisions have an overarching effect on the enterprise.The final core idea is production level and costs. When an organization makes decisions on the quantity they want to produce, they use the economic principle of producing an amount that ensures the maximization of the companys net benefit. Essentially, the company will still increase its rate of production if it expects that its revenues will also rise while maintaining costs. The net revenues are also known as profits. The term expected is important in the analysis, as the company is not certain a bout what they can sell CITATION Rob12 \l 1033 (Rycroft, 2012). For instance, a company supplying electronics will continue to increase its production rates. It will continue to occur as long as it is making profits. Due to uncertainties, the company will have to calculate, consider, and estimate contingencies.Question 3Impact of food importation on local food pricesThe importation of food from Australia to China would lead to an increase in the price of food in Australia. It arises from supply and demand, where importation would increase the demand for food while reducing the supply of food in...

Relational Databases, Normalization, and SQL

A database is an application that can store and retrieve data very rapidly. The relational bit refers to how the data is stored in the database and how it is organized. When we talk about a database, we mean a relational database, in fact, an RDBMS: Relational Database Management System. In a relational database, all data is stored in tables. These have the same structure repeated in each row (like a spreadsheet) and it is the relations between the tables that make it a relational table. Before relational databases were invented (in the 1970s), other types of database such as hierarchical databases were used. However relational databases have been very successful for companies like Oracle, IBM, and Microsoft. The open source world also has RDBMS. Commercial Databases OracleIBM DB 2Microsoft SQL ServerIngres. The first commercial RDBMS. Free/Open Source Databases MySQLPostgresSQLSQLite Strictly these are not relational databases but RDBMS. They provide security, encryption, user access and can process SQL queries. Who Was Ted Codd? Codd was a computer scientist who devised the laws of normalization in 1970. This was a mathematical way of describing the properties of a relational database using tables. He came up with 12 laws that describe what a relational database and an RDBMS does and several laws of normalization that describe the properties of relational data. Only data that had been normalized could be considered relational. What Is Normalization? Consider a spreadsheet of client records that is to be put into a relational database. Some clients have the same information, say different branches of the same company with the same billing address. In a spreadsheet, this address is on multiple rows. In turning the spreadsheet into a table, all the clients text addresses must be moved into another table and each assigned a unique ID- say the values 0,1,2. These values are stored in the main client table so all rows use the ID, not the text. A SQL statement can extract the text for a given ID. What Is a Table? Think of it as being like a rectangular spreadsheet made up of rows and columns. Each column specifies the type of data stored (numbers, strings or binary data - such as images). Unlike a spreadsheet where the user is free to have different data on each row, in a database table, every row can only contain the types of data that were specified. In C and C, this is like an array of structs, where one struct holds the data for one row. For more information see Normalizing a database in the Database Design part of databases.about.com. What Are the Different Ways of Storing Data in a Database? There are two ways: Via a Database Server.Via a Database File. Using a database file is the older method, more suited to desktop applications. E.G. Microsoft Access, though that is being phased out in favor of Microsoft SQL Server. SQLite is an excellent public domain database written in C that holds data in one file. There are wrappers for C, C, C# and other languages. A database server is a server application running locally or on a networked PC. Most of the big databases are server based. These take more administration but are usually faster and more robust. How Does an Application Communicate With Database Servers? Generally, these require the following details. IP or Domain name of the server. If it is the on the same PC as you, use 127.0.0.1 or localhost as the dns name.Server Port For MySQL this is usually 3306, 1433 for Microsoft SQL Server.User Name and PasswordName of the Database There are many client applications that can talk to a database server. Microsoft SQL Server has Enterprise Manager to create databases, set security, run maintenance jobs, queries and of course design and modify database tables. What Is SQL?: SQL is short for Structured Query Language and is a simple language that provides instructions for building and modifying the structure of databases and for modifying the data stored in the tables. The main commands used to modify and retrieve data are: Select - Fetches data.Insert - Inserts one or more rows of data.Update - Modifies existing row(s) of dataDelete - Deletes rows of data. There are several ANSI/ISO standards such as ANSI 92, one of the most popular. This defines a minimum subset of supported statements. Most compiler vendors support these standards. Conclusion Any nontrivial application can use a database and a SQL-based database is a good place to start. Once you have mastered the configuration and administering of the database then you have to learn SQL to make it work well. The speed at which a database can retrieve data is astonishing and modern RDBMS are complex and highly optimized applications. Open source databases like MySQL are fast approaching the power and usability of the commercial rivals and drive many databases on websites. How to Connect to a Database in Windows using ADO Programmatically, there are various APIs that provide access to database servers. Under Windows, these include ODBC and Microsoft ADO. [h3[Using ADO So long as there is a provider- software that interfaces a database to ADO, then the database can be accessed. Windows from 2000 has this built in. Try the following. It should work on Windows XP, and on Windows 2000 if youve ever installed MDAC. If you havent and want to try this, visit Microsoft.com, do a search for MDAC Download and download any version, 2.6 or higher. Create an empty file called test.udl. Right click in Windows Explorer on the file and do open with, you should see Microsoft Data Access - OLE DB Core Services. This dialog lets you connect to any database with an installed provider, even excel spreadsheets! Select the first tab (Provider) as opens by default at the the Connection tab. Select a provider then click Next. The data source name shows the different types of device available. After filling in username and password, click the Test Connection button. After you press the ok button, you can open the test.udl with file with Wordpad. It should contain text like this. [oledb] ; Everything after this line is an OLE DB initstring ProviderSQLOLEDB.1;Persist Security InfoFalse;User IDsa;Initial Catalogdhbtest;Data Source127.0.0.1 The third line is the important one, it contains the configuration details. If your database has a password, it will be shown here, so this is not a secure method! This string can be built into applications that use ADO and will let them connect to the specified database. Using ODBC ODBC (Open Database Connectivity) provides an API based interface to databases. There are ODBC drivers available for just about every database in existence. However, ODBC provides another layer of communication between an application and the database and this can cause performance penalties.